The hard-to-abate sectors of aviation, shipping, and petrochemicals require hydrocarbons for fuel or feedstock and see no easy path towards net-zero commitments. To meet net-zero requirements alternative fuels are required and this suggests more efficient, more modular, and less energy intensive conversion of captured CO2 into alternative fuels. Harrison will discuss the state of alternative fuels, regulations, their CO2 sourcing strategies, and future technologies.